# Muon flux measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

• China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background is essential in proceeding with R&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset from the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be $(3.53\pm0.22_{\rm{stat.}}\pm0.07_{\rm{sys.}})\times10^{-10}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with simulation data accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations, considering both those situated under mountains and those down mine shafts, indicates that the flux at the former is generally a factor of $(4\pm2)$ larger than at the latter, with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for the muon flux of an underground experiment.
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Zi-yi Guo, Lars Bathe-Peters, Shao-min Chen, Mourad Chouaki, Wei Dou, Lei Guo, Ghulam Hussain, Jin-jing Li, Qian Liu, Guang Luo, Wen-tai Luo, Ming Qi, Wen-hui Shao, Jian Tang, Lin-yan Wan, Zhe Wang, Ben-da Xu, Tong Xu, Wei-ran Xu, Yu-zi Yang, Minfang Yeh and Lin Zhao. Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory[J]. Chinese Physics C. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abccae
Zi-yi Guo, Lars Bathe-Peters, Shao-min Chen, Mourad Chouaki, Wei Dou, Lei Guo, Ghulam Hussain, Jin-jing Li, Qian Liu, Guang Luo, Wen-tai Luo, Ming Qi, Wen-hui Shao, Jian Tang, Lin-yan Wan, Zhe Wang, Ben-da Xu, Tong Xu, Wei-ran Xu, Yu-zi Yang, Minfang Yeh and Lin Zhao. Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory[J]. Chinese Physics C.
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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## Muon flux measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

• 1. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
• 2. Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
• 3. Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, China
• 4. Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
• 5. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
• 6. School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
• 7. School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
• 8. School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
• 9. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

Abstract: China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background is essential in proceeding with R&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset from the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be $(3.53\pm0.22_{\rm{stat.}}\pm0.07_{\rm{sys.}})\times10^{-10}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with simulation data accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations, considering both those situated under mountains and those down mine shafts, indicates that the flux at the former is generally a factor of $(4\pm2)$ larger than at the latter, with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for the muon flux of an underground experiment.

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