2014 Vol. 38, No. 1
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2014, 38(1): 013101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/013101
Abstract:
We investigate the approximate solution of the Dirac equation for a combination of Möbius square and Mie type potentials under the pseudospin symmetry limit by using supersymmetry quantum mechanics. We obtain the bound-state energy equation and the corresponding spinor wave functions in an approximate analytical manner. We comment on the system via various useful figures and tables.
We investigate the approximate solution of the Dirac equation for a combination of Möbius square and Mie type potentials under the pseudospin symmetry limit by using supersymmetry quantum mechanics. We obtain the bound-state energy equation and the corresponding spinor wave functions in an approximate analytical manner. We comment on the system via various useful figures and tables.
2014, 38(1): 013102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/013102
Abstract:
The scalar glueball is investigated in a soft-wall model of AdS/QCD. Constraints of the mass of the scalar glueball are given through an analysis of a relation between the bulk mass and the anomalous dimension. The mass of the ground scalar glueball is located at 0.96-0.07+0.04 GeV<mG<1.36-0.10+0.05 GeV. In terms of a background dilaton field Φ(z)=cz2, the two-point correlation function for the scalar gluon operator is obtained. The two-point correlation function at Δ=4 gives a different behavior compared with the one in QCD.
The scalar glueball is investigated in a soft-wall model of AdS/QCD. Constraints of the mass of the scalar glueball are given through an analysis of a relation between the bulk mass and the anomalous dimension. The mass of the ground scalar glueball is located at 0.96-0.07+0.04 GeV<mG<1.36-0.10+0.05 GeV. In terms of a background dilaton field Φ(z)=cz2, the two-point correlation function for the scalar gluon operator is obtained. The two-point correlation function at Δ=4 gives a different behavior compared with the one in QCD.
2014, 38(1): 013103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/013103
Abstract:
In a previous work, we proposed an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model including heavy quark flavors. In this work, we will calculate strong and radiative decays of vector mesons in this extended NJL model, including light ρ, ω, K*, φ and heavy D*, D*s, B*, B*s.
In a previous work, we proposed an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model including heavy quark flavors. In this work, we will calculate strong and radiative decays of vector mesons in this extended NJL model, including light ρ, ω, K*, φ and heavy D*, D*s, B*, B*s.
2014, 38(1): 014001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/014001
Abstract:
The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the fragmentation of 56Fe on CH2, C and Al targets at 471 A MeV are measured. It is found that for the same target, the average value and width of the angular distribution decrease with an increase of the projectile fragment charge; for the same projectile fragment, the average value of the distribution increases and the width of the distribution decreases with increasing the target charge number. The transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained by a single Gaussian distribution and the averaged transverse momentum per nucleon decreases with the increase of the charge of projectile fragment. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained well by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of the emission source of the projectile fragment, calculated from the cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution, decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile fragment.
The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the fragmentation of 56Fe on CH2, C and Al targets at 471 A MeV are measured. It is found that for the same target, the average value and width of the angular distribution decrease with an increase of the projectile fragment charge; for the same projectile fragment, the average value of the distribution increases and the width of the distribution decreases with increasing the target charge number. The transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained by a single Gaussian distribution and the averaged transverse momentum per nucleon decreases with the increase of the charge of projectile fragment. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained well by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of the emission source of the projectile fragment, calculated from the cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution, decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile fragment.
2014, 38(1): 014101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/014101
Abstract:
Reaction and interaction cross sections of 17C on a carbon target have been re-analyzed using the modified Glauber model. The analysis with a deformed Woods-Saxon density/potential suggests a big deformation structure for 17C. The existence of a tail in the density distribution supports the possibility of it being a one-neutron halo structure. Under a deformed core plus a single-particle assumption, analysis shows a dominant d-wave of the valence neutron in 17C.
Reaction and interaction cross sections of 17C on a carbon target have been re-analyzed using the modified Glauber model. The analysis with a deformed Woods-Saxon density/potential suggests a big deformation structure for 17C. The existence of a tail in the density distribution supports the possibility of it being a one-neutron halo structure. Under a deformed core plus a single-particle assumption, analysis shows a dominant d-wave of the valence neutron in 17C.
2014, 38(1): 014102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/014102
Abstract:
We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry for the central Au+Au collisions at √sNN=3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 27, 39, 62, 130 and 200 GeV/c with the help of a multiphase transport (AMPT) model. Emission source-size radius parameters Rlong, Rout, Rside and the chaotic parameter λ are extracted and compared with the experimental data. Transverse momentum and azimuthal angle dependencies of the HBT radii are also discussed for central Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV/c. The results show that the HBT radii in central collisions do not change much above 7 GeV/c. For central collisions at 200 GeV/c, the radii decrease with the increasing of transverse momentum pT but are not sensitive to the azimuthal angle. These results provide a theoretical reference for the energy scan program of the RHIC-STAR experiment.
We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry for the central Au+Au collisions at √sNN=3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 27, 39, 62, 130 and 200 GeV/c with the help of a multiphase transport (AMPT) model. Emission source-size radius parameters Rlong, Rout, Rside and the chaotic parameter λ are extracted and compared with the experimental data. Transverse momentum and azimuthal angle dependencies of the HBT radii are also discussed for central Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV/c. The results show that the HBT radii in central collisions do not change much above 7 GeV/c. For central collisions at 200 GeV/c, the radii decrease with the increasing of transverse momentum pT but are not sensitive to the azimuthal angle. These results provide a theoretical reference for the energy scan program of the RHIC-STAR experiment.
2014, 38(1): 015101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/015101
Abstract:
The difference between the transition density of a larger mass hyperon star (for example, the neutron star PSR J1614-2230) and that of a smaller mass hyperon star is investigated in the framework of the relativistic mean field theory. We see that the transition density ρ0H increases with the increase of xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star). For the nucleons parts, the neutrons make the main contribution to the transition density as the baryon density ρ=ρ0H. With the increase of the xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star), the relative particle number density of neutrons decreases while that of protons increases. For the parts of hyperons, the Λ and Ξ- make the main contributions to the transition density as the baryon density ρ=ρ0H. The relative particle number density of Λ decreases while that of Ξ- increases with the increase of the xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star). For the hyperons Σ-, Σ0 and Σ-, the total contributions are less than 16 per cent.
The difference between the transition density of a larger mass hyperon star (for example, the neutron star PSR J1614-2230) and that of a smaller mass hyperon star is investigated in the framework of the relativistic mean field theory. We see that the transition density ρ0H increases with the increase of xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star). For the nucleons parts, the neutrons make the main contribution to the transition density as the baryon density ρ=ρ0H. With the increase of the xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star), the relative particle number density of neutrons decreases while that of protons increases. For the parts of hyperons, the Λ and Ξ- make the main contributions to the transition density as the baryon density ρ=ρ0H. The relative particle number density of Λ decreases while that of Ξ- increases with the increase of the xω (i.e. the mass of the neutron star). For the hyperons Σ-, Σ0 and Σ-, the total contributions are less than 16 per cent.
2014, 38(1): 015102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/015102
Abstract:
The electron capture rates of 55Co and 56Ni in the ultra-strong magnetic field at four typical temperature-density points have been calculated using the nuclear shell model and Landau energy levels quantized approximate correction. The results show that the electron capture rates of 55Co and 56Ni are increased greatly in the ultra-strong magnetic field, and even exceed two orders of magnitude in the range from 4.414× 1013G to 2.207× 1017G. The change rate of electron abundance, Ýe, of 55Co and 56Ni under the condition of B=4.414× 1015G in the magnetar surrounding has been calculated and discussed, the proportions of Ýe of 55Co and 56Ni in the total Ýe have been reduced by 50 percent in all more than the condition without a magnetic field.
The electron capture rates of 55Co and 56Ni in the ultra-strong magnetic field at four typical temperature-density points have been calculated using the nuclear shell model and Landau energy levels quantized approximate correction. The results show that the electron capture rates of 55Co and 56Ni are increased greatly in the ultra-strong magnetic field, and even exceed two orders of magnitude in the range from 4.414× 1013G to 2.207× 1017G. The change rate of electron abundance, Ýe, of 55Co and 56Ni under the condition of B=4.414× 1015G in the magnetar surrounding has been calculated and discussed, the proportions of Ýe of 55Co and 56Ni in the total Ýe have been reduced by 50 percent in all more than the condition without a magnetic field.
2014, 38(1): 016001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/016001
Abstract:
Experimental studies on the basic characteristics of IPs applied in γ-ray imaging are carried out by utilizing isotopic γ-ray sources. The 1.25 MeV γ-ray sensitivity of the BAS-MS and BAS-TR imaging plates and their enhanced sensitivity by covering appropriate Compton conversion foils are measured based on the studies of the image intensity linear calibration, time attenuation laws and the influence of scanning parameter settings. The energy-dependent γ-ray sensitivity of the IPs is also obtained by the studies of the measured sensitivity and the Monte Carlo simulated energy deposition in the IPs' sensitive layer. Furthermore, a method of a sandwich detection structure as well as its primary experimental validations are presented in order to increase the gamma-to-neutron ratio in a γ/n mixed radiation field.
Experimental studies on the basic characteristics of IPs applied in γ-ray imaging are carried out by utilizing isotopic γ-ray sources. The 1.25 MeV γ-ray sensitivity of the BAS-MS and BAS-TR imaging plates and their enhanced sensitivity by covering appropriate Compton conversion foils are measured based on the studies of the image intensity linear calibration, time attenuation laws and the influence of scanning parameter settings. The energy-dependent γ-ray sensitivity of the IPs is also obtained by the studies of the measured sensitivity and the Monte Carlo simulated energy deposition in the IPs' sensitive layer. Furthermore, a method of a sandwich detection structure as well as its primary experimental validations are presented in order to increase the gamma-to-neutron ratio in a γ/n mixed radiation field.
2014, 38(1): 016002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/016002
Abstract:
It is prpopsed that a water Cherenkov detector array, LHAASO-WCDA, is to be built at Shangri-la, Yunnan Province, China. As one of the major components of the LHAASO project, the main purpose of it is to survey the northern sky for gamma ray sources in the energy range of 100 GeV—30 TeV. In order to design the water Cherenkov array efficiently to economize the budget, a Monte Carlo simulation is carried out. With the help of the simulation, the cost performance of different configurations of the array are obtained and compared with each other, serving as a guide for the more detailed design of the experiment in the next step.
It is prpopsed that a water Cherenkov detector array, LHAASO-WCDA, is to be built at Shangri-la, Yunnan Province, China. As one of the major components of the LHAASO project, the main purpose of it is to survey the northern sky for gamma ray sources in the energy range of 100 GeV—30 TeV. In order to design the water Cherenkov array efficiently to economize the budget, a Monte Carlo simulation is carried out. With the help of the simulation, the cost performance of different configurations of the array are obtained and compared with each other, serving as a guide for the more detailed design of the experiment in the next step.
2014, 38(1): 016101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/016101
Abstract:
The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA (Water Cherenkov Detector Array) is one of the major components. In the WCDA, a total of 3600 PMTs are placed under water in four ponds, each with a size of 150 m× 150 m. Precise time and charge measurement is required for the PMT signals, over a large signal amplitude range from a single P.E. (photo electron) to 4000 P.E. To fulfill the high requirement of a signal measurement in so many front end nodes scattered in a large area, special techniques are developed, such as multiple gain readout, hybrid transmission of clocks, commands and data, precise clock phase alignment and new trigger electronics. We present the readout electronics architecture for the WCDA and several prototype modules, which are now being tested in the laboratory.
The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA (Water Cherenkov Detector Array) is one of the major components. In the WCDA, a total of 3600 PMTs are placed under water in four ponds, each with a size of 150 m× 150 m. Precise time and charge measurement is required for the PMT signals, over a large signal amplitude range from a single P.E. (photo electron) to 4000 P.E. To fulfill the high requirement of a signal measurement in so many front end nodes scattered in a large area, special techniques are developed, such as multiple gain readout, hybrid transmission of clocks, commands and data, precise clock phase alignment and new trigger electronics. We present the readout electronics architecture for the WCDA and several prototype modules, which are now being tested in the laboratory.
2014, 38(1): 016201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/016201
Abstract:
A method to estimate the efficiency of event start time determination at BESⅢ is developed. This method estimates the efficiency at the event level by combining the efficiencies of various tracks (e, μ, π, K, p, γ) in a Bayesian way. Efficiencies results and the difference between data and MC at the track level are presented in this paper. For a given physics channel, event start time efficiency and systematic error can be estimated following this method.
A method to estimate the efficiency of event start time determination at BESⅢ is developed. This method estimates the efficiency at the event level by combining the efficiencies of various tracks (e, μ, π, K, p, γ) in a Bayesian way. Efficiencies results and the difference between data and MC at the track level are presented in this paper. For a given physics channel, event start time efficiency and systematic error can be estimated following this method.
2014, 38(1): 017001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/017001
Abstract:
Higher mode excitation is very serious in the relativistic klystron amplifier, especially for the high gain relativistic amplifier working at tens of kilo-amperes. The mechanism of higher mode excitation is explored in the PIC simulation and it is shown that insufficient separation of adjacent cavities is the main cause of higher mode excitation. So RF lossy material mounted on the drift tube wall is adopted to suppress higher mode excitation. A high gain S-band relativistic klystron amplifier is designed for the beam current of 13 kA and the voltage of 1 MV. PIC simulation shows that the output power is 3.2 GW when the input power is only 2.8 kW.
Higher mode excitation is very serious in the relativistic klystron amplifier, especially for the high gain relativistic amplifier working at tens of kilo-amperes. The mechanism of higher mode excitation is explored in the PIC simulation and it is shown that insufficient separation of adjacent cavities is the main cause of higher mode excitation. So RF lossy material mounted on the drift tube wall is adopted to suppress higher mode excitation. A high gain S-band relativistic klystron amplifier is designed for the beam current of 13 kA and the voltage of 1 MV. PIC simulation shows that the output power is 3.2 GW when the input power is only 2.8 kW.
2014, 38(1): 017002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/017002
Abstract:
One kind of instantaneous electron beam emittance measurement system based on the optical transition radiation principle and double imaging optical method has been set up. It is mainly adopted in the test for the intense electron-beam produced by a linear induction accelerator. The system features two characteristics. The first one concerns the system synchronization signal triggered by the following edge of the main output waveform from a Blumlein switch. The synchronous precision of about 1 ns between the electron beam and the image capture time can be reached in this way so that the electron beam emittance at the desired time point can be obtained. The other advantage of the system is the ability to obtain the beam spot and beam divergence in one measurement so that the calculated result is the true beam emittance at that time, which can explain the electron beam condition. It provides to be a powerful beam diagnostic method for a 2.5 kA, 18.5 MeV, 90 ns (FWHM) electron beam pulse produced by Dragon I. The ability of the instantaneous measurement is about 3 ns and it can measure the beam emittance at any time point during one beam pulse. A series of beam emittances have been obtained for Dragon I. The typical beam spot is 9.0 mm (FWHM) in diameter and the corresponding beam divergence is about 10.5 mrad.
One kind of instantaneous electron beam emittance measurement system based on the optical transition radiation principle and double imaging optical method has been set up. It is mainly adopted in the test for the intense electron-beam produced by a linear induction accelerator. The system features two characteristics. The first one concerns the system synchronization signal triggered by the following edge of the main output waveform from a Blumlein switch. The synchronous precision of about 1 ns between the electron beam and the image capture time can be reached in this way so that the electron beam emittance at the desired time point can be obtained. The other advantage of the system is the ability to obtain the beam spot and beam divergence in one measurement so that the calculated result is the true beam emittance at that time, which can explain the electron beam condition. It provides to be a powerful beam diagnostic method for a 2.5 kA, 18.5 MeV, 90 ns (FWHM) electron beam pulse produced by Dragon I. The ability of the instantaneous measurement is about 3 ns and it can measure the beam emittance at any time point during one beam pulse. A series of beam emittances have been obtained for Dragon I. The typical beam spot is 9.0 mm (FWHM) in diameter and the corresponding beam divergence is about 10.5 mrad.
2014, 38(1): 017003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/017003
Abstract:
A superconducting focusing solenoid has been designed and developed for the China Accelerator Driven System (CADS). In order to meet the requirement of focusing strength and fringe field while minimizing the physical size of the solenoid, the novel optimizing design method based on a linear programming method was employed. In this report, the design of the solenoid including magnetic field optimization, mechanical design and quench protection will be introduced. The solenoid has been fabricated and tested. The testing results show that the central field reached 8.4 T and the stray field was lower than 50 Gauss in the cavity zone.
A superconducting focusing solenoid has been designed and developed for the China Accelerator Driven System (CADS). In order to meet the requirement of focusing strength and fringe field while minimizing the physical size of the solenoid, the novel optimizing design method based on a linear programming method was employed. In this report, the design of the solenoid including magnetic field optimization, mechanical design and quench protection will be introduced. The solenoid has been fabricated and tested. The testing results show that the central field reached 8.4 T and the stray field was lower than 50 Gauss in the cavity zone.
2014, 38(1): 018101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/018101
Abstract:
To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL (Free Electron Laser), a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ～200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC (External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells) RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ～14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start-to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.
To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL (Free Electron Laser), a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ～200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC (External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells) RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ～14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start-to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.
2014, 38(1): 018201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/018201
Abstract:
The plasma window is an advanced apparatus that can work as the interface between a vacuum and a high pressure region. It can be used in many applications that need atmosphere-vacuum interface, such as a gas target, electron beam welding, synchrotron radiation and a spallation neutron source. A test bench of the plasma window is constructed in Peking University. A series of experiments and the corresponding parameter measurements have been presented in this article. The experiment result indicates the feasibility of such a facility acting as an interface between a vacuum and a high pressure region.
The plasma window is an advanced apparatus that can work as the interface between a vacuum and a high pressure region. It can be used in many applications that need atmosphere-vacuum interface, such as a gas target, electron beam welding, synchrotron radiation and a spallation neutron source. A test bench of the plasma window is constructed in Peking University. A series of experiments and the corresponding parameter measurements have been presented in this article. The experiment result indicates the feasibility of such a facility acting as an interface between a vacuum and a high pressure region.
2014, 38(1): 018202. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/1/018202
Abstract:
This article introduces the design and performance of the data acquisition system used in an omnidirectional gamma-ray positioning system, along with a new method used in this system to obtain the position of radiation sources in a large field. This data acquisition system has various built-in interfaces collecting, in real time, information from the radiation detector, the video camera and the GPS positioning module. Experiments show that the data acquisition system is capable of carrying out the proposed quantitative analysis to derive the position of radioactive sources, which also satisfies the requirements of high stability and reliability.
This article introduces the design and performance of the data acquisition system used in an omnidirectional gamma-ray positioning system, along with a new method used in this system to obtain the position of radiation sources in a large field. This data acquisition system has various built-in interfaces collecting, in real time, information from the radiation detector, the video camera and the GPS positioning module. Experiments show that the data acquisition system is capable of carrying out the proposed quantitative analysis to derive the position of radioactive sources, which also satisfies the requirements of high stability and reliability.
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