2016 Vol. 40, No. 7
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2016, 40(7): 073101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073101
Abstract:
We study the heavy-light mesons in a relativistic model, which is derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation by applying the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation to the heavy quark. The kernel we choose is based on scalar confinement and vector Coulomb potentials. The transverse interaction of the gluon exchange is also taken into account in this model. The spectra and wave functions of D, Ds, B, Bs meson states are obtained. The spectra are calculated up to the order of 1/mQ, and wave functions are treated to leading order.
We study the heavy-light mesons in a relativistic model, which is derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation by applying the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation to the heavy quark. The kernel we choose is based on scalar confinement and vector Coulomb potentials. The transverse interaction of the gluon exchange is also taken into account in this model. The spectra and wave functions of D, Ds, B, Bs meson states are obtained. The spectra are calculated up to the order of 1/mQ, and wave functions are treated to leading order.
2016, 40(7): 073102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073102
Abstract:
After considering supernova shock effects, Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effects, neutrino collective effects, and Earth matter effects, the detection of supernova neutrinos at the China Spallation Neutron Source is studied and the expected numbers of different flavor supernova neutrinos observed through various reaction channels are calculated with the neutrino energy spectra described by the Fermi-Dirac distribution and the "beta fit" distribution respectively. Furthermore, the numerical calculation method of supernova neutrino detection on Earth is applied to some other spallation neutron sources, and the total expected numbers of supernova neutrinos observed through different reactions channels are given.
After considering supernova shock effects, Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effects, neutrino collective effects, and Earth matter effects, the detection of supernova neutrinos at the China Spallation Neutron Source is studied and the expected numbers of different flavor supernova neutrinos observed through various reaction channels are calculated with the neutrino energy spectra described by the Fermi-Dirac distribution and the "beta fit" distribution respectively. Furthermore, the numerical calculation method of supernova neutrino detection on Earth is applied to some other spallation neutron sources, and the total expected numbers of supernova neutrinos observed through different reactions channels are given.
2016, 40(7): 073103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073103
Abstract:
The QCD multipole expansion (QCDME) is based on quantum field theory and has been extensively applied to study transitions among Υ and ψ family members. As it refers to non-perturbative QCD, however, it has only a certain application range. Even though it successfully explains the transition data among members of the Υ (ψ) family, as Eichten indicates, beyond the production threshold of mediate states it fails to match data by several orders of magnitude. In this work, by studying a simple decay mode D*→D+π0, where a pion may be emitted before D* transitions into D, we analyze the contribution of QCD multipole expansion. As the Dπ portal is open, the dominant contribution is an OZI-allowed process where a light quark-pair is excited out from vacuum, and its contribution can be evaluated by the 3P0 model. Since direct pion emission is OZI-suppressed and violates isospin conservation, its contribution must be much smaller than the dominant one. By a careful calculation, we estimate that the QCDME contribution should be 3-4 orders smaller than the dominant contribution and this result can offer a quantitative interpretation for Eichten's statement.
The QCD multipole expansion (QCDME) is based on quantum field theory and has been extensively applied to study transitions among Υ and ψ family members. As it refers to non-perturbative QCD, however, it has only a certain application range. Even though it successfully explains the transition data among members of the Υ (ψ) family, as Eichten indicates, beyond the production threshold of mediate states it fails to match data by several orders of magnitude. In this work, by studying a simple decay mode D*→D+π0, where a pion may be emitted before D* transitions into D, we analyze the contribution of QCD multipole expansion. As the Dπ portal is open, the dominant contribution is an OZI-allowed process where a light quark-pair is excited out from vacuum, and its contribution can be evaluated by the 3P0 model. Since direct pion emission is OZI-suppressed and violates isospin conservation, its contribution must be much smaller than the dominant one. By a careful calculation, we estimate that the QCDME contribution should be 3-4 orders smaller than the dominant contribution and this result can offer a quantitative interpretation for Eichten's statement.
2016, 40(7): 073104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073104
Abstract:
We study the decay process of J/ψ→e+e-φ where the relatively clean electromagnetic (EM) transitions appear at leading order at tree level while the hadronic contributions only emerge via hadronic loop transitions. We include the low-lying scalar f0(980) and pseudoscalar η/η' as the dominant contributions in the evaluation of the hadronic loop contributions. It is found that the hadronic effects are negligible compared with the EM contributions. The decay width of J/ψ→e+e-φ is determined to be about 2.12×10-6 keV if there is no other leading mechanism contributing. This result will be tested by the BESIII experiment with a large J/ψ data sample.
We study the decay process of J/ψ→e+e-φ where the relatively clean electromagnetic (EM) transitions appear at leading order at tree level while the hadronic contributions only emerge via hadronic loop transitions. We include the low-lying scalar f0(980) and pseudoscalar η/η' as the dominant contributions in the evaluation of the hadronic loop contributions. It is found that the hadronic effects are negligible compared with the EM contributions. The decay width of J/ψ→e+e-φ is determined to be about 2.12×10-6 keV if there is no other leading mechanism contributing. This result will be tested by the BESIII experiment with a large J/ψ data sample.
2016, 40(7): 073105. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073105
Abstract:
We calculate the ρ meson couplings between the heavy hybrid doublets Hh/Sh/Mh/Th and the ordinary qQ doublets in the framework of the light-cone QCD sum rule. The sum rules obtained rely mildly on the Borel parameters in their working regions. The resulting coupling constants are rather small in most cases.
We calculate the ρ meson couplings between the heavy hybrid doublets Hh/Sh/Mh/Th and the ordinary qQ doublets in the framework of the light-cone QCD sum rule. The sum rules obtained rely mildly on the Borel parameters in their working regions. The resulting coupling constants are rather small in most cases.
2016, 40(7): 073106. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/073106
Abstract:
We calculate diquark correlation functions in the Landau gauge on the lattice using overlap valence quarks and 2+1-flavor domain wall fermion configurations. Quark masses are extracted from the scalar part of quark propagators in the Landau gauge. The scalar diquark quark mass difference and axial vector scalar diquark mass difference are obtained for diquarks composed of two light quarks and of a strange and a light quark. The light sea quark mass dependence of the results is examined. Two lattice spacings are used to check the discretization effects. The coarse and fine lattices are of sizes 243×64 and 323×64 with inverse spacings 1/a=1.75(4) GeV and 2.33(5) GeV, respectively.
We calculate diquark correlation functions in the Landau gauge on the lattice using overlap valence quarks and 2+1-flavor domain wall fermion configurations. Quark masses are extracted from the scalar part of quark propagators in the Landau gauge. The scalar diquark quark mass difference and axial vector scalar diquark mass difference are obtained for diquarks composed of two light quarks and of a strange and a light quark. The light sea quark mass dependence of the results is examined. Two lattice spacings are used to check the discretization effects. The coarse and fine lattices are of sizes 243×64 and 323×64 with inverse spacings 1/a=1.75(4) GeV and 2.33(5) GeV, respectively.
2016, 40(7): 074101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/074101
Abstract:
The N=28 shell gap in sulfur, argon, calcium and titanium isotopes is investigated in the framework of relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov (RCHB) theory. The evolutions of neutron shell gap, separation energy, single particle energy and pairing energy are analyzed, and it is found that the N=28 shell gap is quenched in sulfur isotopes but persists in argon, calcium and titanium isotopes. The evolution of the N=28 shell gap in the N=28 isotonic chain is discussed, and the erosion of the N=28 shell gap is understood with the evolution of potential with proton number.
The N=28 shell gap in sulfur, argon, calcium and titanium isotopes is investigated in the framework of relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov (RCHB) theory. The evolutions of neutron shell gap, separation energy, single particle energy and pairing energy are analyzed, and it is found that the N=28 shell gap is quenched in sulfur isotopes but persists in argon, calcium and titanium isotopes. The evolution of the N=28 shell gap in the N=28 isotonic chain is discussed, and the erosion of the N=28 shell gap is understood with the evolution of potential with proton number.
2016, 40(7): 074102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/074102
Abstract:
Nuclear mass contains a wealth of nuclear structure information, and has been widely employed to extract the nuclear effective interactions. The known nuclear mass is usually extracted from the experimental atomic mass by subtracting the masses of electrons and adding the binding energy of electrons in the atom. However, the binding energies of electrons are sometimes neglected in extracting the known nuclear masses. The influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions are carefully investigated in this work. If the binding energies of electrons are directly subtracted from the theoretical mass predictions, the rms deviations of nuclear mass predictions with respect to the known data are increased by about 200 keV for nuclei with Z, N≥8. Furthermore, by using the Coulomb energies between protons to absorb the binding energies of electrons, their influence on the rms deviations is significantly reduced to only about 10 keV for nuclei with Z, N≥8. However, the binding energies of electrons are still important for the heavy nuclei, about 150 keV for nuclei around Z=100 and up to about 500 keV for nuclei around Z=120. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the binding energies of electrons to reliably predict the masses of heavy nuclei at an accuracy of hundreds of keV.
Nuclear mass contains a wealth of nuclear structure information, and has been widely employed to extract the nuclear effective interactions. The known nuclear mass is usually extracted from the experimental atomic mass by subtracting the masses of electrons and adding the binding energy of electrons in the atom. However, the binding energies of electrons are sometimes neglected in extracting the known nuclear masses. The influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions are carefully investigated in this work. If the binding energies of electrons are directly subtracted from the theoretical mass predictions, the rms deviations of nuclear mass predictions with respect to the known data are increased by about 200 keV for nuclei with Z, N≥8. Furthermore, by using the Coulomb energies between protons to absorb the binding energies of electrons, their influence on the rms deviations is significantly reduced to only about 10 keV for nuclei with Z, N≥8. However, the binding energies of electrons are still important for the heavy nuclei, about 150 keV for nuclei around Z=100 and up to about 500 keV for nuclei around Z=120. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the binding energies of electrons to reliably predict the masses of heavy nuclei at an accuracy of hundreds of keV.
2016, 40(7): 074103. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/074103
Abstract:
Within the framework of the interacting boson model-1, the energy levels and electromagnetic transitions in 72-84Kr isotopes are calculated. The structures of the eigenstate and Hamiltonian matrix for some low-lying states are also calculated. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data, and the results are generally in good agreement. The present study shows that the 72,74,76,80,82,84Kr isotopes are in the transition from U(5)→SU(3), and 78Kr is in the transition from U(5)→O(6).
Within the framework of the interacting boson model-1, the energy levels and electromagnetic transitions in 72-84Kr isotopes are calculated. The structures of the eigenstate and Hamiltonian matrix for some low-lying states are also calculated. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data, and the results are generally in good agreement. The present study shows that the 72,74,76,80,82,84Kr isotopes are in the transition from U(5)→SU(3), and 78Kr is in the transition from U(5)→O(6).
2016, 40(7): 074104. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/074104
Abstract:
In p-p collisions, the charged particles produced consist of two leading particles and those frozen out from the hot and dense matter created in the collisions. The two leading particles are in the projectile and target fragmentation regions, respectively, which, in this paper, are conventionally supposed to have Gaussian rapidity distributions. The hot and dense matter is assumed to expand according to unified hydrodynamics, a hydrodynamic model which unifies the features of the Landau and Hwa-Bjorken models, and freeze out into charged particles from a space-like hypersurface with a fixed proper time of τFO. The rapidity distribution of these charged particles can be derived analytically. The combined contribution from both leading particles and unified hydrodynamics is then compared against experimental data from a now available center-of-mass energy region from 23.6 to 7000 GeV. The model predictions are consistent with experimental measurements.
In p-p collisions, the charged particles produced consist of two leading particles and those frozen out from the hot and dense matter created in the collisions. The two leading particles are in the projectile and target fragmentation regions, respectively, which, in this paper, are conventionally supposed to have Gaussian rapidity distributions. The hot and dense matter is assumed to expand according to unified hydrodynamics, a hydrodynamic model which unifies the features of the Landau and Hwa-Bjorken models, and freeze out into charged particles from a space-like hypersurface with a fixed proper time of τFO. The rapidity distribution of these charged particles can be derived analytically. The combined contribution from both leading particles and unified hydrodynamics is then compared against experimental data from a now available center-of-mass energy region from 23.6 to 7000 GeV. The model predictions are consistent with experimental measurements.
2016, 40(7): 075001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/075001
Abstract:
ARGO-YBJ, located at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory (4300 m a.s.l., Tibet, China), is a full coverage air shower array, with an energy threshold of ~300 GeV for gamma-ray astronomy. Most of the recorded events are single front showers, satisfying the trigger requirement of at least 20 particles detected in a given time window. However, in ~11.5% of the events, two randomly arriving showers may be recorded in the same time window, and the second one, generally smaller, does not need to satisfy the trigger condition. These events are called double shower front events. By using these small showers, well under the trigger threshold, the detector primary energy threshold can be lowered to a few tens of GeV. In this paper, the angular resolution that can be achieved with these events is evaluated by a full Monte Carlo simulation. The ARGO-YBJ sensitivity in detecting gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by using double shower front events is also studied for various cutoff energies, time durations, and zenith angles of GRBs in ARGO's field of view.
ARGO-YBJ, located at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory (4300 m a.s.l., Tibet, China), is a full coverage air shower array, with an energy threshold of ~300 GeV for gamma-ray astronomy. Most of the recorded events are single front showers, satisfying the trigger requirement of at least 20 particles detected in a given time window. However, in ~11.5% of the events, two randomly arriving showers may be recorded in the same time window, and the second one, generally smaller, does not need to satisfy the trigger condition. These events are called double shower front events. By using these small showers, well under the trigger threshold, the detector primary energy threshold can be lowered to a few tens of GeV. In this paper, the angular resolution that can be achieved with these events is evaluated by a full Monte Carlo simulation. The ARGO-YBJ sensitivity in detecting gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by using double shower front events is also studied for various cutoff energies, time durations, and zenith angles of GRBs in ARGO's field of view.
2016, 40(7): 075101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/075101
Abstract:
According to inflationary cosmology, the CMB anisotropy gives an opportunity to test predictions of new physics hypotheses. The initial state of quantum fluctuations is one of the important options at high energy scale, as it can affect observables such as the CMB power spectrum. In this study a quasi-de Sitter inflationary background with approximate de Sitter mode function built over the Bunch-Davies mode is applied to investigate the scale-dependency of the CMB anisotropy. The recent Planck constraint on spectral index motivated us to examine the effect of a new excited mode function (instead of pure de Sitter mode) on the CMB anisotropy at large angular scales. In so doing, it is found that the angular scale-invariance in the CMB temperature fluctuations is broken and in the limit l<200 a tiny deviation appears. Also, it is shown that the power spectrum of CMB anisotropy is dependent on a free parameter with mass dimension H<< M*< Mp and on the slow-roll parameter ε.
According to inflationary cosmology, the CMB anisotropy gives an opportunity to test predictions of new physics hypotheses. The initial state of quantum fluctuations is one of the important options at high energy scale, as it can affect observables such as the CMB power spectrum. In this study a quasi-de Sitter inflationary background with approximate de Sitter mode function built over the Bunch-Davies mode is applied to investigate the scale-dependency of the CMB anisotropy. The recent Planck constraint on spectral index motivated us to examine the effect of a new excited mode function (instead of pure de Sitter mode) on the CMB anisotropy at large angular scales. In so doing, it is found that the angular scale-invariance in the CMB temperature fluctuations is broken and in the limit l<200 a tiny deviation appears. Also, it is shown that the power spectrum of CMB anisotropy is dependent on a free parameter with mass dimension H<< M*< Mp and on the slow-roll parameter ε.
2016, 40(7): 076001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076001
Abstract:
The beam energy measurement system is of great importance for both BEPC-Ⅱ accelerator and BES-Ⅲ detector. The system is based on measuring the energies of Compton back-scattered photons. In order to meet the requirements of data taking and improve the measurement accuracy, the system has continued to be upgraded, which involves the updating of laser and optics subsystems, replacement of a view-port of the laser to the vacuum insertion subsystem, the use of an electric cooling system for a high purity germanium detector, and improvement of the data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrade system guarantees the smooth and efficient measurement of beam energy at BEPC-Ⅱ and enables accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-Ⅲ.
The beam energy measurement system is of great importance for both BEPC-Ⅱ accelerator and BES-Ⅲ detector. The system is based on measuring the energies of Compton back-scattered photons. In order to meet the requirements of data taking and improve the measurement accuracy, the system has continued to be upgraded, which involves the updating of laser and optics subsystems, replacement of a view-port of the laser to the vacuum insertion subsystem, the use of an electric cooling system for a high purity germanium detector, and improvement of the data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrade system guarantees the smooth and efficient measurement of beam energy at BEPC-Ⅱ and enables accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-Ⅲ.
2016, 40(7): 076002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076002
Abstract:
With new generation neutron sources, traditional neutron detectors cannot satisfy the demands of the applications, especially under high flux. Furthermore, facing the global crisis in 3He gas supply, research on new types of neutron detector as an alternative to 3He is a research hotspot in the field of particle detection. GEM (Gaseous Electron Multiplier) neutron detectors have high counting rate, good spatial and time resolution, and could be one future direction of the development of neutron detectors. In this paper, the physical process of neutron detection is simulated with Geant4 code, studying the relations between thermal conversion efficiency, boron thickness and number of boron layers. Due to the special characteristics of neutron detection, we have developed a novel type of special ceramic nTHGEM (neutron THick GEM) for neutron detection. The performance of the nTHGEM working in different Ar/CO2 mixtures is presented, including measurements of the gain and the count rate plateau using a copper target X-ray source. A detector with a single nTHGEM has been tested for 2-D imaging using a 252Cf neutron source. The key parameters of the performance of the nTHGEM detector have been obtained, providing necessary experimental data as a reference for further research on this detector.
With new generation neutron sources, traditional neutron detectors cannot satisfy the demands of the applications, especially under high flux. Furthermore, facing the global crisis in 3He gas supply, research on new types of neutron detector as an alternative to 3He is a research hotspot in the field of particle detection. GEM (Gaseous Electron Multiplier) neutron detectors have high counting rate, good spatial and time resolution, and could be one future direction of the development of neutron detectors. In this paper, the physical process of neutron detection is simulated with Geant4 code, studying the relations between thermal conversion efficiency, boron thickness and number of boron layers. Due to the special characteristics of neutron detection, we have developed a novel type of special ceramic nTHGEM (neutron THick GEM) for neutron detection. The performance of the nTHGEM working in different Ar/CO2 mixtures is presented, including measurements of the gain and the count rate plateau using a copper target X-ray source. A detector with a single nTHGEM has been tested for 2-D imaging using a 252Cf neutron source. The key parameters of the performance of the nTHGEM detector have been obtained, providing necessary experimental data as a reference for further research on this detector.
2016, 40(7): 076101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076101
Abstract:
The KM2A (one kilometer square extensive air shower array) is the largest detector array in the LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) project. The KM2A consists of 5242 EDs (Electromagnetic particle Detectors) and 1221 MDs (Muon Detectors). The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, anode and dynode, are employed for the PMT (photomultiplier tube) signal readout. The readout electronics designed in this paper aims at accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20 P.E. (photoelectrons) to 2×105 P.E. By using a "trigger-less" architecture, we digitize signals close to the PMTs. All digitized data is transmitted to DAQ (Data Acquisition) via a simplified White Rabbit protocol. Compared with traditional high energy experiments, high precision of time measurement over such a large area and suppression of temperature effects in the wild become the key techniques. Experiments show that the design has fulfilled the requirements in this project.
The KM2A (one kilometer square extensive air shower array) is the largest detector array in the LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) project. The KM2A consists of 5242 EDs (Electromagnetic particle Detectors) and 1221 MDs (Muon Detectors). The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, anode and dynode, are employed for the PMT (photomultiplier tube) signal readout. The readout electronics designed in this paper aims at accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20 P.E. (photoelectrons) to 2×105 P.E. By using a "trigger-less" architecture, we digitize signals close to the PMTs. All digitized data is transmitted to DAQ (Data Acquisition) via a simplified White Rabbit protocol. Compared with traditional high energy experiments, high precision of time measurement over such a large area and suppression of temperature effects in the wild become the key techniques. Experiments show that the design has fulfilled the requirements in this project.
2016, 40(7): 076102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076102
Abstract:
SCAs (Switched Capacitor Arrays) have a wide range of uses, especially in high energy physics, nuclear science and astrophysics experiments. This paper presents a method of using a MOS capacitor as a sampling capacitor to gain larger capacitance with small capacitor area in SCA design. It studies the non-ideal effects of the MOS capacitor and comes up with ways to reduce these adverse effects. A prototype SCA ASIC which uses a MOS capacitor to store the samples has been designed and tested to verify this method. The SCA integrates 32 channels and each has 64 cells and a readout amplifier. The stored voltage is converted to a pair of differential currents (±4 mA max) and multiplexed to the output. All the functionalities have been verified. The power consumption is less than 2 mW/ch. The INL of all the cells in one channel are better than 0.39%. The equivalent input noise of the SCA has been tested to be 2.2 mV with 625 kHz full-scale sine wave as input, sampling at 40 MSPS (Mega-samples per Second) and reading out at 5 MHz. The effective resolution is 8.8 bits considering 1 V dynamic range. The maximum sampling rate reaches up to 50 MSPS and readout rate of 15 MHz to keep noise smaller than 2.5 mV. The test results validate the feasibility of the MOS capacitor.
SCAs (Switched Capacitor Arrays) have a wide range of uses, especially in high energy physics, nuclear science and astrophysics experiments. This paper presents a method of using a MOS capacitor as a sampling capacitor to gain larger capacitance with small capacitor area in SCA design. It studies the non-ideal effects of the MOS capacitor and comes up with ways to reduce these adverse effects. A prototype SCA ASIC which uses a MOS capacitor to store the samples has been designed and tested to verify this method. The SCA integrates 32 channels and each has 64 cells and a readout amplifier. The stored voltage is converted to a pair of differential currents (±4 mA max) and multiplexed to the output. All the functionalities have been verified. The power consumption is less than 2 mW/ch. The INL of all the cells in one channel are better than 0.39%. The equivalent input noise of the SCA has been tested to be 2.2 mV with 625 kHz full-scale sine wave as input, sampling at 40 MSPS (Mega-samples per Second) and reading out at 5 MHz. The effective resolution is 8.8 bits considering 1 V dynamic range. The maximum sampling rate reaches up to 50 MSPS and readout rate of 15 MHz to keep noise smaller than 2.5 mV. The test results validate the feasibility of the MOS capacitor.
2016, 40(7): 076201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076201
Abstract:
To address the problem of the shortage of neutron detectors used in radiation portal monitors (RPMs), caused by the 3He supply crisis, research on a cadmium-based capture-gated fast neutron detector is presented in this paper. The detector is composed of many 1 cm×1 cm×20 cm plastic scintillator cuboids covered by 0.1 mm thick film of cadmium. The detector uses cadmium to absorb thermal neutrons and produce capture γ-rays to indicate the detection of neutrons, and uses plastic scintillator to moderate neutrons and register γ-rays. This design removes the volume competing relationship in traditional 3He counter-based fast neutron detectors, which hinders enhancement of the neutron detection efficiency. Detection efficiency of 21.66% ± 1.22% has been achieved with a 40.4 cm×40.4 cm×20 cm overall detector volume. This detector can measure both neutrons and γ-rays simultaneously. A small detector (20.2 cm×20.2 cm×20 cm) demonstrated a 3.3 % false alarm rate for a 252Cf source with a neutron yield of 1841 n/s from 50 cm away within 15 s measurement time. It also demonstrated a very low (<0.06%) false alarm rate for a 3.21×105 Bq 137Cs source. This detector offers a potential single-detector replacement for both neutron and the γ-ray detectors in RPM systems.
To address the problem of the shortage of neutron detectors used in radiation portal monitors (RPMs), caused by the 3He supply crisis, research on a cadmium-based capture-gated fast neutron detector is presented in this paper. The detector is composed of many 1 cm×1 cm×20 cm plastic scintillator cuboids covered by 0.1 mm thick film of cadmium. The detector uses cadmium to absorb thermal neutrons and produce capture γ-rays to indicate the detection of neutrons, and uses plastic scintillator to moderate neutrons and register γ-rays. This design removes the volume competing relationship in traditional 3He counter-based fast neutron detectors, which hinders enhancement of the neutron detection efficiency. Detection efficiency of 21.66% ± 1.22% has been achieved with a 40.4 cm×40.4 cm×20 cm overall detector volume. This detector can measure both neutrons and γ-rays simultaneously. A small detector (20.2 cm×20.2 cm×20 cm) demonstrated a 3.3 % false alarm rate for a 252Cf source with a neutron yield of 1841 n/s from 50 cm away within 15 s measurement time. It also demonstrated a very low (<0.06%) false alarm rate for a 3.21×105 Bq 137Cs source. This detector offers a potential single-detector replacement for both neutron and the γ-ray detectors in RPM systems.
2016, 40(7): 076202. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076202
Abstract:
The spot size of the X-ray source is a key parameter of a flash-radiography facility, and is usually quoted as an evaluation of the resolving power. The pinhole imaging technique is applied to measure the spot size of the Dragon-I linear induction accelerator, by which a two-dimensional spatial distribution of the source spot is obtained. Experimental measurements are performed to measure the spot image when the transportation and focusing of the electron beam are tuned by adjusting the currents of solenoids in the downstream section. The spot size of full-width at half maximum and that defined from the spatial frequency at half peak value of the modulation transfer function are calculated and discussed.
The spot size of the X-ray source is a key parameter of a flash-radiography facility, and is usually quoted as an evaluation of the resolving power. The pinhole imaging technique is applied to measure the spot size of the Dragon-I linear induction accelerator, by which a two-dimensional spatial distribution of the source spot is obtained. Experimental measurements are performed to measure the spot image when the transportation and focusing of the electron beam are tuned by adjusting the currents of solenoids in the downstream section. The spot size of full-width at half maximum and that defined from the spatial frequency at half peak value of the modulation transfer function are calculated and discussed.
2016, 40(7): 076203. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076203
Abstract:
In this paper, we study a monitoring method for neutron flux for the spallation target used in an accelerator driven sub-critical (ADS) system, where a spallation target located vertically at the centre of a sub-critical core is bombarded vertically by high-energy protons from an accelerator. First, by considering the characteristics in the spatial variation of neutron flux from the spallation target, we propose a multi-point measurement technique, i.e. the spallation neutron flux should be measured at multiple vertical locations. To explain why the flux should be measured at multiple locations, we have studied neutron production from a tungsten target bombarded by a 250 MeV-proton beam with Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results indicate that the neutron flux at the central location is up to three orders of magnitude higher than the flux at lower locations. Secondly, we have developed an effective technique in order to measure the spallation neutron flux with a fission chamber (FC), by establishing the relation between the fission rate measured by FC and the spallation neutron flux. Since this relation is linear for a FC, a constant calibration factor is used to derive the neutron flux from the measured fission rate. This calibration factor can be extracted from the energy spectra of spallation neutrons. Finally, we have evaluated the proposed calibration method for a FC in the environment of an ADS system. The results indicate that the proposed method functions very well.
In this paper, we study a monitoring method for neutron flux for the spallation target used in an accelerator driven sub-critical (ADS) system, where a spallation target located vertically at the centre of a sub-critical core is bombarded vertically by high-energy protons from an accelerator. First, by considering the characteristics in the spatial variation of neutron flux from the spallation target, we propose a multi-point measurement technique, i.e. the spallation neutron flux should be measured at multiple vertical locations. To explain why the flux should be measured at multiple locations, we have studied neutron production from a tungsten target bombarded by a 250 MeV-proton beam with Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results indicate that the neutron flux at the central location is up to three orders of magnitude higher than the flux at lower locations. Secondly, we have developed an effective technique in order to measure the spallation neutron flux with a fission chamber (FC), by establishing the relation between the fission rate measured by FC and the spallation neutron flux. Since this relation is linear for a FC, a constant calibration factor is used to derive the neutron flux from the measured fission rate. This calibration factor can be extracted from the energy spectra of spallation neutrons. Finally, we have evaluated the proposed calibration method for a FC in the environment of an ADS system. The results indicate that the proposed method functions very well.
2016, 40(7): 076204. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/076204
Abstract:
Very Small Angle Neutron Scattering (VSANS) is an upgrade of the traditional Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) technique which can cover three orders of magnitude of length scale from one nanometer to one micrometer. It is a powerful tool for structure calibration in polymer science, biology, material science and condensed matter physics. Since the first VSANS instrument, D11 in Grenoble, was built in 1972, new collimation techniques, focusing optics (multi-beam converging apertures, material or magnetic lenses, and focusing mirrors) and higher resolution detectors combined with the long flight paths and long incident neutron wavelengths have been developed. In this paper, a detailed review is given of the development, principles and application conditions of various VSANS techniques. Then, beam current gain factors are calculated to evaluate those techniques. A VSANS design for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is thereby presented.
Very Small Angle Neutron Scattering (VSANS) is an upgrade of the traditional Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) technique which can cover three orders of magnitude of length scale from one nanometer to one micrometer. It is a powerful tool for structure calibration in polymer science, biology, material science and condensed matter physics. Since the first VSANS instrument, D11 in Grenoble, was built in 1972, new collimation techniques, focusing optics (multi-beam converging apertures, material or magnetic lenses, and focusing mirrors) and higher resolution detectors combined with the long flight paths and long incident neutron wavelengths have been developed. In this paper, a detailed review is given of the development, principles and application conditions of various VSANS techniques. Then, beam current gain factors are calculated to evaluate those techniques. A VSANS design for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is thereby presented.
2016, 40(7): 077001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/077001
Abstract:
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with our policy on publishing ethics.
The article is largely a duplicate publication of a paper already published by the same authors in Physical Review Special Topics –Accelerators and Beams as "High power test of an injector linac for heavy ion cancer therapy facilities" (Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 111002, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.111002). The main results and much of the text are identical. The lead author, Dr Liang Lu, submitted this article to Chinese Physics C while the Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams article was still in the peer review process. Each journal then accepted the respective submissions, with the article published in Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams before Chinese Physics C. During submission, authors explicitly declare that the work is original and is not published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. This publication is therefore a serious breach of scientific publishing ethics. The Editorial Board of Chinese Physics C treats such matters extremely seriously, and hereby retracts this article.
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with our policy on publishing ethics.
The article is largely a duplicate publication of a paper already published by the same authors in Physical Review Special Topics –Accelerators and Beams as "High power test of an injector linac for heavy ion cancer therapy facilities" (Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 111002, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.111002). The main results and much of the text are identical. The lead author, Dr Liang Lu, submitted this article to Chinese Physics C while the Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams article was still in the peer review process. Each journal then accepted the respective submissions, with the article published in Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams before Chinese Physics C. During submission, authors explicitly declare that the work is original and is not published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. This publication is therefore a serious breach of scientific publishing ethics. The Editorial Board of Chinese Physics C treats such matters extremely seriously, and hereby retracts this article.
Dr Liang Lu takes full responsibility for this matter, and apologises for his behaviour. The Editors apologise to our readers that this was not detected earlier in the publication process.
2016, 40(7): 077002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/077002
Abstract:
A baseline design for the High Energy Photon Source has been proposed, with a natural emittance of 60 pm·rad within a circumference of about 1.3 kilometers. Nevertheless, the nonlinear performance of the design needs further improvements to increase both the dynamic aperture and the momentum acceptance. In this study, genetic optimization of the linear optics is performed, so as to find all the possible solutions with weaker sextupoles and hence weaker nonlinearities, while keeping the emittance at the same level as the baseline design. The solutions obtained enable us to explore the dependence of nonlinear dynamics on the working point. The result indicates that with the same layout, it is feasible to obtain much better nonlinear performance with a delicate tuning of the magnetic field strengths and a wise choice of the working point.
A baseline design for the High Energy Photon Source has been proposed, with a natural emittance of 60 pm·rad within a circumference of about 1.3 kilometers. Nevertheless, the nonlinear performance of the design needs further improvements to increase both the dynamic aperture and the momentum acceptance. In this study, genetic optimization of the linear optics is performed, so as to find all the possible solutions with weaker sextupoles and hence weaker nonlinearities, while keeping the emittance at the same level as the baseline design. The solutions obtained enable us to explore the dependence of nonlinear dynamics on the working point. The result indicates that with the same layout, it is feasible to obtain much better nonlinear performance with a delicate tuning of the magnetic field strengths and a wise choice of the working point.
2016, 40(7): 077003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/077003
Abstract:
Beam-based BPM offset calibration was carried out for Injector Ⅱ at the C-ADS demonstration facility at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). By using the steering coils integrated in the quadrupoles, the beam orbit can be effectively adjusted and BPM positions recorded at the Medium Energy Beam Transport of the Injector Ⅱ Linac. The studies were done with a 2 mA, 2.1 MeV proton beam in pulsed mode. During the studies, the "null comparison method" was applied for the calibration. This method is less sensitive to errors compared with the traditional transmission matrix method. In addition, the quadrupole magnet's center can also be calibrated with this method.
Beam-based BPM offset calibration was carried out for Injector Ⅱ at the C-ADS demonstration facility at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). By using the steering coils integrated in the quadrupoles, the beam orbit can be effectively adjusted and BPM positions recorded at the Medium Energy Beam Transport of the Injector Ⅱ Linac. The studies were done with a 2 mA, 2.1 MeV proton beam in pulsed mode. During the studies, the "null comparison method" was applied for the calibration. This method is less sensitive to errors compared with the traditional transmission matrix method. In addition, the quadrupole magnet's center can also be calibrated with this method.
2016, 40(7): 077004. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/077004
Abstract:
Modern low-level RF (LLRF) control systems of particle accelerators are designed to achieve extremely precise field amplitude and phase regulation inside the accelerating cavities. The RF field signal is usually converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) before being sampled by ADC. As the down-conversion is an important procedure of digital signal processing in LLRF system, designing a high performance and broad band downconverter compatible with various accelerators is important. In this paper, the design of a downconverter based on MicroTCA and its performance evaluation on different frequency points are presented. The major design objective of this module is a wider operating frequency range and more flexibility in application.
Modern low-level RF (LLRF) control systems of particle accelerators are designed to achieve extremely precise field amplitude and phase regulation inside the accelerating cavities. The RF field signal is usually converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) before being sampled by ADC. As the down-conversion is an important procedure of digital signal processing in LLRF system, designing a high performance and broad band downconverter compatible with various accelerators is important. In this paper, the design of a downconverter based on MicroTCA and its performance evaluation on different frequency points are presented. The major design objective of this module is a wider operating frequency range and more flexibility in application.
2016, 40(7): 079001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/7/079001
Abstract:
The thermal stability and separation characteristics of anti-sticking layers of Pt/Cr films are studied in this paper. Several types of adhesion layers were investigated:10.0 nm Pt, 1.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt, 2.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt and 3.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt fabricated using direct current magnetron sputtering. The variation of layer thickness, roughness, crystallization and surface topography of Pt/Cr films were analyzed by grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry, large angle X-ray diffraction and optical profiler before and after heating. 2.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt film exhibits the best thermal stability and separation characteristics according to the heating and hot slumping experiments. The film was also applied as an anti-sticking layer to optimize the maximum temperature of the hot slumping technique.
The thermal stability and separation characteristics of anti-sticking layers of Pt/Cr films are studied in this paper. Several types of adhesion layers were investigated:10.0 nm Pt, 1.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt, 2.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt and 3.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt fabricated using direct current magnetron sputtering. The variation of layer thickness, roughness, crystallization and surface topography of Pt/Cr films were analyzed by grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry, large angle X-ray diffraction and optical profiler before and after heating. 2.5 nm Cr+50.0 nm Pt film exhibits the best thermal stability and separation characteristics according to the heating and hot slumping experiments. The film was also applied as an anti-sticking layer to optimize the maximum temperature of the hot slumping technique.
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